Euclidean Distance
- Straight-line distance between two points
- $d(p,q) = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(p_i - q_i)^2}$
Manhattan Distance
- Sum of absolute differences between coordinates
-
$d(p,q) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} p_i - q_i $
Cosine Similarity
- Measures cosine of angle between two vectors
- Range: [-1, 1] where 1 means identical
- $\cos(\theta) = \frac{A \cdot B}{|A| \cdot |B|}$
- Cosine distance: $d(p,q) = 1 - \cos(\theta)$